MuSig2 is a cryptographic protocol that allows multiple people to create a single digital signature together. This makes it possible for a group to jointly authorise a transaction or message without revealing each person’s individual signature. MuSig2 is efficient, more private, and reduces the size of signatures compared to traditional multi-signature methods.
Aggregate signatures are a cryptographic technique that allows multiple digital signatures from different users to be combined into a single, compact signature. This combined signature can then be verified to confirm that each participant individually signed their specific message. The main benefit is that it saves space and improves efficiency, especially when dealing with many…
Threshold signatures are a type of digital signature system where a group of people or computers can collectively sign a message, but only if a minimum number of them agree. This minimum number is called the threshold. No individual member can produce a valid signature alone, which increases security and trust. Threshold signatures are useful…
Flashbots architecture refers to the system and methods used to connect blockchain users, searchers, and miners or validators in a way that allows for transparent and efficient transaction ordering. It helps prevent unfair practices like front-running by creating a separate communication channel for submitting and processing transactions. The architecture uses off-chain communication and specialised software…
MEV auctions are systems used in blockchain networks to decide which transactions are included in a block and in what order, based on bids. MEV stands for maximal extractable value, which is the extra profit that can be made by rearranging or inserting certain transactions. These auctions allow different parties to compete for the right…
Gas limit adjustments refer to changing the maximum amount of computational effort, or gas, that can be used for a transaction or block on blockchain networks like Ethereum. Setting the gas limit correctly ensures that transactions are processed efficiently and do not consume excessive resources. Adjusting the gas limit helps balance network performance, cost, and…
Fee market mechanisms are systems used in blockchains and other digital platforms to determine how much users pay to have their transactions or actions processed. These mechanisms help manage network congestion by encouraging users to pay higher fees when demand is high, ensuring important or urgent transactions are prioritised. They also provide incentives for those…
Transaction batching is a method where multiple individual transactions are grouped together and processed as a single combined transaction. This approach can save time and resources, as fewer operations are needed compared to processing each transaction separately. It is commonly used in systems that handle large numbers of transactions, such as databases or blockchain networks,…
Blockspace markets refer to the buying and selling of space within blocks on a blockchain. Every blockchain block has limited capacity, so users compete to have their transactions included by offering fees to validators or miners. This competition creates a market where transaction fees can rise or fall depending on demand and available blockspace. Blockspace…
Light client protocols are methods that allow devices or applications to interact with blockchains without downloading the entire blockchain history. They use efficient techniques to verify key information, such as transactions or account balances, by checking small pieces of data from full nodes. This approach makes it possible for devices with limited resources, like smartphones,…