Rowhammer attacks are a type of cyberattack that target the physical memory chips in computers, especially DRAM. By rapidly and repeatedly accessing specific rows of memory, attackers can cause tiny electrical disturbances that flip bits in nearby rows. This can lead to unauthorised changes in data, potentially allowing attackers to bypass security measures or gain…
Cold boot attacks are a type of security exploit where an attacker gains access to data stored in a computer’s memory by restarting the machine and quickly extracting the memory chips. This works because data in RAM can remain readable for a short period after power is turned off, especially if the chips are cooled…
Fault tolerance in security refers to a system’s ability to continue operating safely even when some of its parts fail or are attacked. It involves designing computer systems and networks so that if one component is damaged or compromised, the rest of the system can still function and protect sensitive information. By using redundancy, backups,…
Side-channel resistance refers to the ability of a system, especially in cryptography, to withstand attacks that exploit indirect information. Rather than breaking the mathematical security, attackers observe things like power usage, timing, or electromagnetic leaks to uncover secrets. Side-channel resistance is about designing hardware and software so that these clues are minimised or eliminated, making…
Secure element integration refers to adding a dedicated hardware chip or module into a device to store sensitive data and perform secure operations. This chip is designed to keep information like passwords, cryptographic keys, and payment details safe from hacking or unauthorised access. By isolating these functions from the rest of the device, secure elements…
A Trusted Platform Module (TPM) is a small hardware chip built into many modern computers. It is designed to provide secure storage for encryption keys, passwords, and other sensitive data. The TPM helps protect information from theft or tampering, even if someone has physical access to the computer. TPMs can also help verify that a…
A Hardware Security Module (HSM) is a physical device that safely manages and stores digital keys used for encryption, decryption, and authentication. It is designed to protect sensitive data by performing cryptographic operations in a secure environment, making it very difficult for unauthorised users to access or steal cryptographic keys. HSMs are often used by…
Secure Enclave Programming involves creating software that runs inside a protected area of a computer’s processor, called a secure enclave. This area is designed to keep sensitive data and code safe from the rest of the system, even if the operating system is compromised. Developers use special tools and programming techniques to ensure that only…
Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting computers, networks, and data from unauthorised access, damage, or theft. It involves using technology, processes, and policies to keep information safe and ensure systems work as intended. The goal is to prevent attacks such as hacking, viruses, and data breaches that can put people or organisations at risk.
Slashing conditions are specific rules set in blockchain networks to penalise validators or participants who act dishonestly or break protocol rules. These conditions are designed to keep the network secure and discourage harmful behaviour. If a participant triggers a slashing condition, they may lose part or all of their staked tokens as a penalty.