A Merkle Tree is a way of organising data into a tree structure where each leaf node represents a piece of data and each non-leaf node is a hash of its child nodes. This structure allows for quick and secure verification of large sets of data, as any change in a single data point will…
State channels are a technique used in blockchain systems to allow two or more parties to carry out multiple transactions without needing to record each one on the blockchain. Instead, the parties communicate directly and only add the final result to the blockchain. This reduces costs and avoids delays caused by waiting for blockchain confirmations….
Byzantine Fault Tolerance is a property of computer systems that allows them to keep working correctly even if some parts fail or act unpredictably, including being malicious or sending incorrect information. It is particularly important in distributed systems, where multiple computers or nodes must agree on a decision even if some are unreliable. The term…
Decentralised Identity (DID) is a way for people or organisations to control their digital identity without relying on a central authority like a government or a big company. With DIDs, users create and manage their own identifiers, which are stored on a blockchain or similar distributed network. This approach gives individuals more privacy and control…
Chainlink VRF, or Verifiable Random Function, is a blockchain technology that provides provably fair and tamper-proof random numbers. It is often used in smart contracts that require trusted random outcomes, such as games or lotteries. By using Chainlink VRF, developers can ensure that the random numbers used in their applications are both secure and verifiable…
Oracles are services or systems that provide external data to blockchain networks or smart contracts. Because blockchains cannot directly access information outside their own network, oracles act as bridges to bring in data like prices, weather, or event outcomes. This allows smart contracts to react to real-world events automatically and securely.
A sidechain is a separate blockchain that runs alongside a main blockchain, allowing digital assets to be transferred between them. Sidechains can operate under different rules and features, making them useful for testing new ideas or handling specific tasks without affecting the main network. They are often used to improve scalability, security, or add new…
Optimistic Rollups are a technology designed to make blockchain networks, such as Ethereum, faster and cheaper. They work by processing many transactions off the main blockchain and then submitting a summary of these transactions back to the main chain. This helps reduce congestion and costs while keeping transactions secure and verifiable. Instead of checking every…
ZK-Rollups are a technology used to make blockchain transactions faster and cheaper by bundling many transactions together off the main blockchain. They use a cryptographic technique called zero-knowledge proofs to prove that all the bundled transactions are valid, without revealing their details. This allows more people to use the blockchain at once, without overloading the…
MEV, or Miner Extractable Value, refers to the extra profits that blockchain miners or validators can earn by choosing the order and inclusion of transactions in a block. This happens because some transactions are more valuable than others, often due to price changes or trading opportunities. By reordering, including, or excluding certain transactions, miners can…