Token hijacking is when someone gains access to a digital token that is meant to prove your identity in an online system. These tokens are often used to keep you logged in or to confirm your access rights. If an attacker steals your token, they can pretend to be you without needing your password. This…
A hash collision occurs when two different pieces of data are processed by a hash function and produce the same output value, known as a hash. Hash functions are designed to turn data of any size into a fixed-size value, but because there are more possible inputs than outputs, collisions are unavoidable. Hash collisions can…
Red Team and Blue Team exercises are structured cybersecurity activities where one group (the Red Team) acts as attackers, attempting to breach systems and find weaknesses, while another group (the Blue Team) defends against these attacks. The goal is to test and improve the security measures of an organisation by simulating real-world cyber threats in…
A Security Operations Centre (SOC) is a dedicated team or facility that monitors and manages an organisation’s security systems. Its main job is to detect, analyse, and respond to cyber security incidents using both technology and skilled staff. The SOC works around the clock to protect sensitive data and systems from threats, ensuring quick action…
An air-gapped network is a computer network that is physically isolated from other networks, especially the public internet. This means there are no direct or indirect connections, such as cables or wireless links, between the air-gapped network and outside systems. Air-gapped networks are used to protect sensitive data or critical systems by making it much…
Ransomware containment refers to the steps taken to stop ransomware from spreading to other computers or systems once it has been detected. This process aims to limit damage by isolating infected devices, cutting off network access, and preventing further files from being encrypted. Effective containment helps organisations recover more quickly and reduces the risk of…
A vulnerability assessment is a process that identifies and evaluates weaknesses in computer systems, networks, or applications that could be exploited by threats. This assessment helps organisations find security gaps before attackers do, so they can fix them and reduce risk. The process often includes scanning for known flaws, misconfigurations, and outdated software that could…
Penetration testing is a security practice where experts try to find and exploit weaknesses in a computer system, network, or application. The goal is to uncover vulnerabilities before malicious hackers do, helping organisations fix them. This is often done by simulating real cyberattacks in a controlled and authorised way.
Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) is a technology that helps organisations monitor and analyse security events across their IT systems. It gathers data from various sources like servers, applications, and network devices, then looks for patterns that might indicate a security problem. SIEM solutions help security teams detect, investigate, and respond to threats more…
Command and Control (C2) refers to the process by which leaders direct and manage resources, personnel, and operations to achieve specific goals. It involves making decisions, issuing orders, and ensuring that those orders are followed effectively. C2 systems help coordinate actions, share information, and maintain oversight in complex environments, such as military operations, emergency management,…