Deep Belief Networks are a type of artificial neural network that learns to recognise patterns in data by stacking multiple layers of simpler networks. Each layer learns to represent the data in a more abstract way than the previous one, helping the network to understand complex features. These networks are trained in stages, allowing them…
Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) variants are different types of RNNs designed to improve how machines handle sequential data, such as text, audio, or time series. Standard RNNs can struggle to remember information from earlier in long sequences, leading to issues with learning and accuracy. Variants like Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)…
A convolutional layer is a main building block in many modern neural networks, especially those that process images. It works by scanning an input, like a photo, with small filters to detect features such as edges, colours, or textures. The design of a convolutional layer involves choosing the size of these filters, how many to…
Semantic segmentation is a process in computer vision where each pixel in an image is classified into a specific category, such as road, car, or tree. This technique helps computers understand the contents and layout of an image at a detailed level. It is used to separate and identify different objects or regions within an…
AI model calibration is the process of adjusting a model so that its confidence scores match the actual likelihood of its predictions being correct. When a model is well-calibrated, if it predicts something with 80 percent confidence, it should be right about 80 percent of the time. Calibration helps make AI systems more trustworthy and…
Transferable representations are ways of encoding information so that what is learned in one context can be reused in different, but related, tasks. In machine learning, this often means creating features or patterns from data that help a model perform well on new, unseen tasks without starting from scratch. This approach saves time and resources…
AI explainability frameworks are tools and methods designed to help people understand how artificial intelligence systems make decisions. These frameworks break down complex AI models so that their reasoning and outcomes can be examined and trusted. They are important for building confidence in AI, especially when the decisions affect people or require regulatory compliance.
Neural network robustness is the ability of a neural network to maintain accurate and reliable performance even when faced with unexpected or challenging inputs, such as noisy data or intentional attacks. Robustness helps ensure that the network does not make mistakes when small changes are made to the input. This is important for safety and…
Contextual bandit algorithms are a type of machine learning method used to make decisions based on both past results and current information. They help choose the best action by considering the context or situation at each decision point. These algorithms learn from feedback over time to improve future choices, balancing between trying new actions and…
AI-driven decision systems are computer programmes that use artificial intelligence to help make choices or solve problems. They analyse data, spot patterns, and suggest or automate decisions that might otherwise need human judgement. These systems are used in areas like healthcare, finance, and logistics to support or speed up important decisions.