Reentrancy attacks are a type of security vulnerability found in smart contracts, especially on blockchain platforms like Ethereum. They happen when a contract allows an external contract to call back into the original contract before the first function call is finished. This can let the attacker repeatedly withdraw funds or change the contractnulls state before…
Sybil resistance is a set of techniques used to prevent or limit the impact of fake or duplicate identities in online systems. Without these protections, one person could create many accounts to unfairly influence votes, gain rewards, or disrupt services. Sybil resistance helps ensure that each user is unique and prevents abuse from people pretending…
SQL Injection is a type of security vulnerability that occurs when an attacker is able to insert or manipulate SQL queries in a database via input fields in a website or application. This allows the attacker to access, modify, or delete data in the database, often without proper authorisation. SQL Injection can lead to serious…
Credential stuffing is a type of cyber attack where hackers use stolen usernames and passwords from one website to try and log into other websites. Because many people reuse the same login details across different sites, attackers can often gain access to multiple accounts with a single set of credentials. This method relies on automated…
Social engineering attack vectors are methods used by attackers to trick people into giving away confidential information or access. Instead of hacking computers directly, these attacks target human behaviour, using manipulation and deception. Common vectors include phishing emails, phone scams, and impersonation, all aiming to exploit trust or curiosity.
Brute force protection is a set of measures used to stop attackers from repeatedly guessing passwords or access codes in an attempt to break into an account or system. It works by detecting and limiting repeated failed login attempts, often by locking accounts or introducing delays after several wrong tries. These methods help keep information…
Red Team and Blue Team exercises are structured cybersecurity activities where one group (the Red Team) acts as attackers, attempting to breach systems and find weaknesses, while another group (the Blue Team) defends against these attacks. The goal is to test and improve the security measures of an organisation by simulating real-world cyber threats in…
Penetration testing is a security practice where experts try to find and exploit weaknesses in a computer system, network, or application. The goal is to uncover vulnerabilities before malicious hackers do, helping organisations fix them. This is often done by simulating real cyberattacks in a controlled and authorised way.
Phishing simulation is a security exercise where organisations send fake phishing emails to their own staff to test how well employees can spot and avoid suspicious messages. The main goal is to identify weaknesses in staff awareness and train them to recognise real phishing attacks. This helps reduce the risk that employees will click on…
A 51% attack is a situation where a single person or group gains control of more than half of the computing power on a blockchain network. With this majority, they can manipulate the system by reversing transactions or blocking new ones from being confirmed. This threatens the security and trustworthiness of the blockchain, as it…